Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a serious complication that occurs in a myriad of clinical conditions treated by the primary care provider. PN may manifest a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including burning sensations, paresthesias, and dysesthesias and a “pins and needles” sensation. Underlying disease states that may cause PN include diabetes mellitus (DM), HIV infection, uremia, neoplasms, and chronic alcohol abuse. Nutritional deficits in thiamine, pyridoxine, or cyanocobalamin may cause PN. Drugs have also been implicated in causing PN. Environmental toxins, including heavy metals such as lead and mercury, have also been implicated. Most PNs are associated with a loss of function, either sensory, motor, or both, and are typically not painful. Pain is characteristic of diabetic, alcoholic, and nutritional deficiency neuropathies. PNs are classified based on the number of peripheral nerves involved and the pattern of involvement. The classification includes the following: mononeuropathy simplex, mononeuropathy multiplex, and polyneuropathy.