This chapter addresses the issues closely associated with management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The first female AIDS case was reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in July 1982, and, within the first year of the epidemic, women partners of infected hemophiliacs, female intravenous (IV) drug abusers, and women partners in heterosexual relationships were diagnosed with AIDS. Deeply ingrained social and cultural forces that tend to devalue women, and particularly poor women of color, perpetuated the tendency for HIV and AIDS to be underdiagnosed in women, resulting in the delay of treatment. Nurse practitioners can assist patients in identifying supportive others who can be helpful as the patient adapts to the diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) when initiated. Nurse practitioners can be useful in explaining the meanings of various levels of advanced care and the implications of aggressive care in advanced HIV disease and AIDS.