Nurses have been improving the health of populations for decades. Whether they are improving the health of our children in schools or the health of individuals across a life span in primary care, they are cultivating the health of the population. Federal laws have shaped the way in which nurses provide care in the school and in primary care. Furthermore, nurses’ understanding of policies, health determinants, and health outcomes places them in the opportune position for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in these settings. Nurses have a unique opportunity to address emerging challenges in these settings and to shift care from reactive to proactive in order to promote health. This chapter discusses the history and evolution of school-based care and primary care, current trends, federal services available, nursing roles, and the related Healthy People 2020 objectives.