The new directions and emerging guiding structures of online education require changes in the methods of student assessment and program evaluation. Assessing the learner involves gathering data to identify needs, ability, and progress. The authors of this chapter developed a model that incorporates the foundations of assessment and evaluation and online learning. Assessment and evaluation are activities that are part of the course design. The model can be used to assess student learning and evaluate the learning environment. It incorporates the foundations of assessment and evaluation and online learning. Student assessment determines needs before the course starts, measures progress during the course, and assesses attainment of goals at the end of the course. Frequent evaluation of the course during implementation allows for the identification of problems and issues that can be remedied. Evaluating the course at the end provides data to revise the course and data to redesign.