This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges involved in eliminating health disparities. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 1985) Secretary’s Task Force report on Black and Minority Health was a landmark document with regards to minority health. The report identified a number of important categories of diseases that caused the overwhelming majority of excess death in minority populations. Despite signs of tremendous medical progress, minority racial and ethnic groups continue to experience an unequal burden of serious illnesses, premature death, and disability in the United States (Zerhouni, 2005). The illnesses that make up the burden described are “complex” or “multifactorial diseases”, as they arise from combined actions of many genes, environmental risk factors, including socioeconomic factors and risk-conferring behaviors. Another environmental consideration is social and behavioral determinants of disease and disability.