A goal is a desired outcome or level of attainment for an individual. Goals can be discussed from four orientations: mastery, performance, work avoidance, and social orientation. Individuals with a mastery orientation tend to look for challenging tasks and persist longer at those tasks because they are more focused. Performance-focused individuals tend to worry about how they compare with others. Goals are important and goal setting is crucial for moving forward. Long-term goals are better suited for increasing intrinsic motivation. Personal investment (PI) theory is a conglomeration of several other theories of motivation that came before it. Its focus is behavioral, but the model is a social cognitive model because it assumes that choice, persistence, and differing levels of activity are derived from beliefs and values from the culture you live in and that are part of you, the self.