There are many different types of surgical procedures. It is important to understand basic anatomy and physiology, patient risk factors, and the different surgical interventions that are available to the patient. Over the past few decades, surgery has evolved to become minimally invasive and more technologically driven. The RN, certified surgical technologist, and first assistant should understand basic surgical procedures and be able to adapt their understanding of these basic procedures to different patient populations. This chapter helps the reader to learn about: the basic categories of surgical procedures; identifying patient position, draping, and supplies; and general age-appropriate considerations. It briefly describes the common otolaryngology, head, and neck procedures, ophthalmic procedures, cardiac, thoracic, and vascular procedures, general and abdominal procedures, gynecological and genitourinary procedures, robotic surgery, orthopedic procedures, neurosurgery procedures, general age-appropriate considerations, and laser procedures.