For public health practitioners, the public health system in the United States is a source of great pride, as well as a cause for humility. On one hand, the system has a substantial public health infrastructure, a rigorous process for assessing and improving the organizational components of the system, and processes that have led to highly successful programs, policies, and services in a great many areas. On the other hand, long-standing health disparities within the United States as well as unfavorable population health indicators compared to peer countries, indicate the need for public health to revitalize its efforts “to fulfill society’s interest in ensuring conditions in which people can be healthy.” This chapter identifies problems and issues that public health must address in order to achieve its goals. This current situation provides opportunities for public health professionals to “reinvent” the field in order that public health can achieve its overarching mission.