This chapter provides updated information on hormone therapy, menopause, and osteoporosis that reflects evidence-based practice generated through analysis of the emerging data from the Women’s Health Initiative and other research. Menopause is the landmark event of the climacteric, the 10- to 15-year period, beginning at about 40, when women’s bodies are changing and preparing for cessation of menses. A woman is considered menopausal when 1 year (12 months) has elapsed since her last menstrual period. The chapter discusses etiology, history, physical examination, laboratory testing, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications and risks, consultation and referral, and follow-up for hormone therapy, menopause, atrophic vaginitis, and osteoporosis.