This chapter examines nursing assessment of physiological and mental changes associated with aging and describes patient education in relation to age-related communication and learning challenges. It explores Theories of aging; adjustments to changed physical, emotional, and social circumstances. The chapter also examines care and support issues for the older adult patient and caregiver. Geriatric nursing is on the rise. As geriatric patients seek health care interventions, the prudent nurse should be aware of those physiological changes occurring in the older adult that may affect safe and appropriate care. As the population ages, chronic health problems may begin to appear, such as hypertension, arthritis, hearing loss, cardiac disease, cataracts, and forgetfulness, as well as depression, dementia, or Alzheimer’s disease. Theories of aging can be labeled as biological, psychological, or sociological. Abuse or neglect can occur when the caregiver is overtaxed with responsibilities.