A physician trained in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) should be able to competently evaluate, care for, educate, and advocate for individuals preparing for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) and the rehabilitation that occurs before and after these procedures. It identifies the key elements of the history and physical examination of the adult post hip and knee joint arthroplasty. The physical examination of the post-joint arthroplasty patient should include elements to assess cardiovascular and pulmonary function. Common impairments following lower extremity joint arthroplasty include weakness in the affected extremity, limited range of motion, reduced endurance, and impaired balance. Ideally, the rehabilitation program for the lower extremity joint arthroplasty patient should begin prior to surgery. Following the initial rehabilitation period, the patient post total joint arthroplasty typically continues with rehabilitation in an outpatient setting.