Regular physical activity can improve mental health, balance, and bone health. This chapter discusses health-related fitness and how physical activity and exercise focusing on health-related fitness benefit adults aged 65 years and older related to health status and quality of life. There is strong evidence that greater amounts of physical activity result in greater reductions in the risk of cardiovascular disease. People who participate in aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening activities can slow down bone density loss with 90 to 300 minutes of physical activity. Even though aerobic activity doesn’t increase muscle mass in the same way that resistance training does, it may also slow the loss of muscle that occurs during the aging process. Although unclear about the amount of exercise needed for maintaining or improving functional ability, it is important to include both aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity to ensure maintenance of functional ability.