With an estimated 15 million children under the age of 15 seeking medical care for musculoskeletal complaints per year, these are one of the most common reasons children seek medical care. Traumatic musculoskeletal injuries are common in children and adolescents. This chapter discusses the musculoskeletal complaints in two different lights, traumatic and atraumatic. Providers take a logical approach to chief complaints that involve the musculoskeletal system. The chapter introduces the provider to both common causes of acute joint pain and the approach to these complaints and then explores some of the most common causes of acute musculoskeletal pain in children. It gives the reader a thoughtful and reasonable approach to the management of children with common musculoskeletal complaints. It helps the reader to understand an approach to work up the chief complaints that involve the musculoskeletal system.