Injuries of greater severity, classified as moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), tend to require more complex acute and postacute care, as well as result in greater long-term health care costs and morbidity. This chapter provides a brief history of intervention for moderate and severe TBI, and reviews our current knowledge regarding the clinical features, intervention strategies, and prognosis for people with these injuries. Currently, intervention for moderate and severe TBI can involve a complex continuum including the neurosurgical intensive care unit, shock trauma unit, a neurology or trauma floor, acute rehabilitation, nursing home, outpatient therapy, home health, day programs, residential rehabilitation, and residential placement programs. The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities accredits brain injury rehabilitation facilities in the following categories: inpatient, outpatient, home- and community-based, residential, long-term residential, and vocational. Cognitive rehabilitation involves development of compensatory and remediation strategies to address cognitive impairments resulting from brain injury.