There are numerous concerns regarding the physical and mental health issues of children in the child welfare system. Health issues become even more pronounced when children and their families are homeless. This chapter examines the health issues of families known to child protection agencies. Children in the child protective services system are at greater risk of developing physical problems such as asthma, and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, than children not in the system. Foster children are a medically vulnerable group and have even higher rates of chronic health problems. Recent innovations seek to improve the quality of health care provided to children in the child protection system. Lack of food, also known as “food insecurity,” can be a major problem for all poor families. The prelude to homelessness for children often includes living in poverty, hunger, and more health problems than other children with homes.