Several factors played a part in the growth and expansion of nursing as a profession, and the Crimean War in Europe and the Civil War in America had a profound effect. The role of nurses in the early part of the 19th century was fairly similar to that in the 18th century; however, by the latter part of the century, conditions were vastly improved. Training programs were established, and Florence Nightingale had a major influence on health care, nursing, and nursing education. This chapter describes what nursing in the 19th century was like and who the influential nurses were during this period. It explains how nursing and medicine were influenced by the Civil War and how the medical model influenced nurse-training programs. The chapter also describes initial training programs in nursing and the timeline of early nurse-training programs. It describes the evolution of nursing matrons in 19th-century England.

College counseling has entered an era that promises to be radically different than any time in its previous 100-year history. College students in this 21st century are more technologically advanced than previous generations and more likely to take virtual classes than previous generations of college students. Traditional services provided by the college counseling center are: individual and group counseling, psychoeducational groups, evaluation and assessment, career counseling, consultation to faculty and staff, medication management and resident advisor (RA) training. Nontraditional services are defined as virtual counseling, advising, and related services offered via distance technology. College counseling centers have long offered types of self-instructional services. They will need to address social media in ways that are both ethically sound and also able to effectively engage college students in seeking counseling services. The counselor can administer the Dimensions of a Healthy Lifestyle Scale (DHLS) to the client and then discuss the findings.

Technology has drastically changed the field of clinical nursing and is quickly finding its way into the school health office. School nurses have become increasingly accustomed to digital thermometers and electronic blood pressure cuffs, and their offices are now equipped with a computer. Incorporating technology innovations into school health offers boundless possibilities and numerous benefits. School nursing is a unique specialty, challenging the practitioner to find ways to keep the focus on student care rather than time-consuming and often overwhelming clerical tasks. Advances in technology offer new possibilities for the school nurse and are designed to assist and support critical school nursing goals. This chapter identifies the shifts in technology and electronic documentation and communication in the school nurse setting. It describes the technology alternatives to handwritten nursing notes and interdepartmental communication. The chapter discusses the available web-based Student Information Systems and examines the impact of Wearable Technology and Telemedicine.