Divorce is a lengthy developmental process and, in the case of children and adolescents, one that can encompass most of their young lives. This chapter explores the experience of divorce from the perspective of the children, reviews the evidence base and empirical support for interventions. It provides examples of three evidence-based intervention programs, namely, Children in Between, Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP), and New Beginnings, appropriate for use with children, adolescents, and their parents. Promoting protective factors and limiting risk factors during childhood and adolescence can prevent many mental, emotional, and behavioral problems and disorders during those years and into adulthood. The Children in Between program is listed on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices. The CODIP and the New Beginnings program are also listed on the SAMHSA National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices.

This chapter explores three ’classic’ studies of creativity and mental illness. The first is Jamison whose focus is on the connection between bipolar disorder and creativity. The second is Andreasen, who used structured interviews to analyze 30 creative writers, 30 matched controls, and first-degree relatives of each group. The writers had a higher rate of mental illness, with a particular tendency toward bipolar and other affective disorders. The third major work is Ludwig, who utilized the historiometric technique. All three studies have come under serious criticism. Many of the studies of Big-C creators are historiometric, akin to Ludwig’s work. Some such studies claim that eminent creators show higher rates of mental illness. A much more common approach is to look at everyday people and give them measures of creativity and mental health. Typically, researchers look at what are called subclinical disorders—in other words, they’re not clinically significant.

Creative people are also often seen as being outsiders and eccentric. Sen and Sharma’s examination of creativity beliefs in India tested beliefs about the Four P’s and found that creativity was more likely to be described as a holistic essence of an individual, and less likely to be focused on the product or process. Romo and Alfonso studied Spanish painters and found that one of the implicit theories that the painters held about creativity involved the role of psychological disorders. Plucker and Dana found that past histories of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco usage were not correlated with creative achievements; familial drug and alcohol use also was not significantly associated with creative accomplishments or creative personality attributes. Humphrey, McKay, Primi, and Kaufman did find that illegal drug use predicted self-reported creative behaviors even when openness to experience was controlled.

The medical model in psychiatry assumes medical intervention is the treatment of choice for the constellations of diagnosed symptoms that comprise various mental disorders. These treatments may include pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive treatment, brain stimulation, and psychosurgery. Therefore, psychopharmacology for older adults can be considered palliative rather than a cure for a brain disease causing psychopathology. Older adults experience many psychopathological problems, including anorexia tardive, anxiety disorders, delusional disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and co-occurring disorders with substance abuse/dependence disorders. Therefore, it is critical for the social worker to understand the various manifestations of psychological problems in older adults from the perspective of an older adult, rather than extrapolating information commonly taught in social work programs that neglect to focus on older adults and restrict teaching to psycho-pathological problems in younger and middle-aged adults.

The idea of the mad genius persisted all the way to modern times and was even promulgated in scientific circles. Not only was genius mad, but it was associated with criminality and genetic degeneration. The empirical research relevant to the mad-genius issue uses three major methods: the historiometric, the psychometric and the psychiatric. The historical record is replete with putative exemplars of mad genius. The mental illness adopts a more subtle but still pernicious guise-alcoholism. In fact, it sometimes appears that alcoholism is one of the necessities of literary genius. Psychopathology can be found in other forms of genius besides creative genius. Of the available pathologies, depression seems to be the most frequent, along with its correlates of suicide and alcoholism or drug abuse. Family lineages that have higher than average rates of psychopathology will also feature higher than average rates of genius.

This chapter presents the most salient psychological theories of personality. Personality is a core determinant of individual differences in everyday behaviors. The chapter discusses the difference between what psychologists broadly refer to as normal and what they regard as abnormal or clinical/mental illness. If one looks for an Elvis among personality psychologists, Sigmund Freud would be the one. During the mid-20th century, behaviorism emerged as a dominant paradigm for understanding human behavior, including personality. Although the social cognitive theory of personality has its origins in the radical behaviorist tradition, it emerged in clear opposition to it. According to the lexical hypothesis, historically, the most important and socially relevant behaviors that people display will eventually become encoded into language. Indeed, personality disorders are defined as long-standing, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from the expectations of a person’s culture.

This chapter presents advances in the understanding of adolescent brain development that can inform and improve social work practice with youth leaving foster care. Foster care populations have a high rate of mental health disorders, and the association of types of child maltreatment with elevated risk for such disorders is well known; discussion of specific mental health problems and their treatment can be found elsewhere. Conventional mental health approaches have often targeted the innervated cortical or limbic neural systems, rather than the innervating source of the dysregulation. Psychotherapy, whether psychodynamic or cognitive, acts on and has measurable effects on the brain, its functions, and metabolism in specific brain areas. The ethical response is a sharing of the dilemma, and of information about the neurobiology of the client’s struggle, to enable the client to make as informed a decision as possible. In addition, neuroimaging techniques themselves lead to other ethical dilemmas.

This chapter focuses on the factors that intersect with race and ethnicity in shaping the experiences of families from racial and ethnic minority communities. It presents a conceptual framework using a Venn diagram that shows the intersection between aging and having a serious mental illness (SMI) or developmental disabilities (DD), limited services for these aging populations, and being a person of color with SMI or DD. People with DD and SMI are now experiencing increased life expectancy due to improved medical and technological advances. However, understanding the needs of aging adults with DD and SMI from diverse communities in the United States and their caregiving families is particularly challenging, because historically, there have been racial and ethnic disparities in the use of specialty health care services. Older adults with DD and SMI from racial minority groups are disadvantaged on multiple domains.

Over the past 25 years there has been a growing recognition of the importance of working with families of persons with severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and treatment-refractory depression. Family intervention can be provided by a wide range of professionals, including social workers, psychologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and counselors. This chapter provides an overview of two empirically supported family intervention models for major mental illness: behavioral family therapy (BFT) and multifamily groups (MFGs), both of which employ a combination of education and cognitive behavior techniques such as problem solving training. Some families have excellent communication skills and need only a brief review, as provided in the psychoeductional stage in the handout “Keys to Good Communication”. One of the main goals of BFT is to teach families a systematic method of solving their own problems.

Dryden has argued that there are various sources of influence that impinge upon the therapist and client as they seek to determine in which therapeutic modality to work. The rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) model of disturbance emphasizes the role played by the individual’s Belief system in his or her psychological problems; this may influence its practitioners to work more frequently in the modality of individual therapy than in other modalities. Individual therapy is particularly indicated for clients who have profound difficulties sharing therapeutic time with other clients. Clients may move from modality to modality, and thus individual therapy, can be best viewed as part of a comprehensive treatment strategy. Some REBT therapists attempt to induct clients into REBT by involving them in pretherapy induction activities. Therapists can also impede client progress by failing to help clients to attain closure on a particular problem.

This chapter looks at dissociation, psychosis, and schizophrenia from a phenomenological standpoint. Phenomenology is the lens through which psychiatrists look at mental illness, and psychiatry as a specialty has looked at people in this way from its earliest days. In taking a phenomenological view of dissociation and psychosis, the chapter reiterates some of the dissonance brought by Laing when he invited people to understand schizophrenia as a theoretical model and not a biological entity. Extreme dissociation is the most primitive form of survival, where a human being is confronted with events that are impossible to process. Treating schizophrenia by formulating it within a trauma and dissociation paradigm allows for the application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, which is one of the current international gold-standard psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

This chapter discusses medical, psychosocial, and vocational issues across emerging disability populations that should be addressed in the rehabilitation process. It also discusses the application of the ecological model developed by Szymanski, Hershenson, Ettinger, and Enright as a framework for assessment and planning with consumers who have emerging disabilities. The chapter examines the role that rehabilitation counselors can play in responding to issues affecting the lives of people with emerging disabilities in each phase of the rehabilitation process. Outreach to administrators, school counselors, mental health counselors who provide school-based services, teachers, school psychologists, parents, and students may be necessary to ensure that these students are made aware of the availability of rehabilitation services. One of the primary goals of counseling and guidance is to facilitate psychosocial adaptation to disability. Rehabilitation counselors can play a pivotal role in assisting consumers with emerging disabilities to develop health literacy skills.

This chapter discusses various types of violence and their impact on human health, functioning, and onset of physical and psychiatric disabilities, and identifies approaches and programs for treating individuals who have sustained disabilities from violent acts. It examines populations that are most vulnerable to violence, and explores trauma-informed approaches to providing services to these clients in all phases of the rehabilitation counseling process. Military sexual trauma (MST) is heavily confounded by military culture, making the decision to report sexual trauma extremely difficult. The functional limitations associated with disabilities acquired through violence can substantially impair survivor’s ability to achieve and maintain competitive employment. Outreach may be particularly necessary to inform individuals with violence-related disabilities about rehabilitation services. Frain et al. emphasized the importance of training in self-management techniques for veterans because they tend to have poor self-management skills.

This chapter highlights topic areas in which research is needed to more fully understand the nature and needs of people with emerging disabilities, and examines current trends in rehabilitation counseling research and how investigations with people with emerging disabilities are compatible with these trends. It describes types of emerging disabilities for which health care, community living, and vocational experiences should be investigated more thoroughly in future research. The chapter addresses methodological and data analytic strategies that rehabilitation researchers can use to study the complex, multidimensional needs of people with emerging disabilities. Intervention studies that promote evidence-based practices will be increasingly important in future emerging disabilities research. Multivariate data analytic technique that provides opportunities to more effectively model the complexity of the real world in which people with emerging disabilities live is multilevel modeling (MLM), also known as hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).

The family unit shapes the child’s intellect, and influences the child’s ability to cope with the phenomenological forces that can affect his or her mental well-being. The family teaches children how to be good citizens in society. Most importantly, family helps shape children’s identity development so that they can be proud of their cultural heritage, their background, and what they can offer to the world. Children in kinship care are found to maintain more connections with their families and communities; and they experience fewer disruptions in relationships. Children who reside in relative care, risk experiencing a host of negative outcomes including substance abuse, criminal system involvement, mental health disorders, early pregnancy, and education insufficiencies, to name just a few. Relative caregivers are often willing to be permanent resources for children through either adoption or guardianship and their preferences should be valued and considered in relation to the child’s best interest.

This chapter presents some general guidelines and considerations for interacting with a young adult in psychiatric crisis that will help guide our approach. It focuses on the knowledge and the skills that one has acquired to the point and speak more specifically about assessment of safety and intervention strategies to support and assist a young adult experiencing psychosis. It is not uncommon for young adults with psychosis to experience grandiosity, whether as a facet of their delusional system, or as a result of manic mood disturbance. Grandiosity may manifest in a variety of ways. The symptoms of psychosis may lead to a number of unusual behaviors. A relatively common pattern of bizarre behavior involves an element of hypersexuality. There are a variety of reasons that someone might behave in a way that seems unusual, including intoxication from drugs or alcohol, eccentric personality characteristics, or other mental health concerns.

Psychotic disorders are a category of illnesses classified as mental illness. A mental illness is a medical condition that disrupts a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others, and daily functioning. Mental illnesses can affect anyone regardless of age, race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, education level, religion, or sexual orientation. The term psychotic disorder refers to a continuum of illness that encompasses a variety of different symptoms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classifies all psychotic disorders under the umbrella of schizophrenia spectrum disorders to account for the differences that occur within and between psychotic disorders. Experiencing stress or trauma also increases the likelihood that someone may develop a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Group therapy has shown to be highly effective in addressing symptoms and stressors associated with psychotic disorders.

Active Minds offers many resources for individuals with mental illnesses and allies. Suicide prevention website provides information about wealth and how to support someone who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts. American Psychological Association (APA) is a national organization for psychologists that are also dedicated to improving public access to information and services related to psychology. The government website for mental health provides a directory of government mental health programs as well as general information related to mental health. A national addiction recovery program aimed at building skills that help to combat addictive behaviors offering meetings in many communities as well as online. OK2TALK is an online support community for young adults living with mental illness. Community members are supported in sharing and learning from the stories of others in a stigma-free environment.

Throughout history, creators have used their skills in ways that have led to tremendous negative impact. Clark and James describe ’negative creativity’ as something that ends with a bad outcome even without a bad intention. If negative creativity is someone taking office supplies without wanting to hurt the company, then malevolent creativity is someone stealing essential company secrets to sell to its competitors with the specific desire to do harm. Malevolent creativity can be seen in terrorism and criminal behavior. Creativity is a tool that can be used for good or bad purposes. The flip side of the coin is that there are arrays of studies that show the healing powers of expressive forms of creativity. Indeed, if there is a genuine connection between creative genius and mental illness, it could easily be the creativity in their lives that kept some of the geniuses afloat and as healthy as possible.

Stigma is the foundation that distorts the many social constructs affecting how social workers view older adults. Many socially constructed optics produced by stigma can bias social workers’ views of older people. It is important for a social worker to understand that race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation are social constructs that bias clinical care. Additionally, stigma associated with race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation produce psychosocial stressors that converge on older clients, which exacerbate their physical and psychological health statuses. The stigma of mental illness serves to increase the suffering of older people struggling with psychological problems while increasing the suffering of family members, loved ones, and caregivers who experience courtesy stigma. The stigma of suffering from mental illness may also prevent an older person from seeking treatment for his or her psychological problems. Older adults suffering from dementia also suffer from the negative reactions to them because of their diagnosis.

This chapter lists and examines essential criteria to consider when assessing patient stability and readiness for the standard eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) procedural steps. In considering a patient’s suitability and readiness for standard reprocessing, five kinds of issues need to be considered: medical concerns; social and economic stability; behavioral stability; mood stability; and complex personality and dissociative disorders, life-threatening substance abuse, and severe mental illness. Depersonalization and derealization as expressions of primary structural dissociation are frequently the only dissociative symptoms in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The chapter reviews standardized assessment tools that can assist clinicians in assessing symptom severity, screening for dissociative disorders, and monitoring treatment progress and outcomes. The trauma assessment packet includes four test instruments, along with three research and clinical articles, which together provide a comprehensive assessment of trauma histories at different ages.

It is important for beginning Clinical Mental Health Counseling (CMHC) students to understand that their engagement in the CMHC specialty is one part of the larger professional counseling framework. This chapter provides a historical overview of the counseling profession and its developmental trajectory, emphasizing the origins of mental health treatment and the reemergence of counseling as a wellness-based approach. It offers discussion concerning the push toward a pathogenic model of conceptualizing mental illness and the subsequent, current resurgence of a strength-based notion of care. The chapter provides an overview of the major theories of counseling as a means for understanding the development of counseling as a unique and separate field from psychology, psychiatry, and social work. It identifies the specializations within the counseling field, the range of employment opportunities and the current labor market, and how counseling is integrated within a system-of-care approach.

Psychiatric disability refers to a psychiatric disorder associated with functional limitations that prevent achievement of age-appropriate goals. The nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disabilities vary widely, however, across the mental health, rehabilitation, and social security disability systems. Common mental disorders refer to psychiatric disorders that are less disabling than serious mental illness but still impact role functioning. Depression is probably the widest-ranging psychiatric disorder in terms of severity and duration. Substance abuse disorder is among the most common co-occurring disorders in all psychiatric disabilities, affecting 50" of people with psychiatric disabilities at some point in their lifetime. Anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with other psychiatric diagnosevs, including other anxiety disorders, mood and eating disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Victimization of people with psychiatric disabilities is a serious public health problem, as they are 11 times more likely to be victimized by violence and crime than the general population.

This chapter provides some information on common school-related issues, programs, and processes. It outlines some information on how schools currently approach behavioral and academic challenges for students so that the visiting therapist understands the language. The chapter presents steps that the author have developed and used during the on-campus conversation with teachers, parents, and student present. It also presents the conversation that is composed of the solution-focused and narrative approaches. For academic issues, schools often seek diagnostic testing by a school psychologist or diagnostician to learn the problems that are hindering a student’s success. Sometimes the testing may explain both emotional behaviors and academic results. The value of a therapist entering the school system as a consultant desiring to learn from the school client’s teachers is sensitive, yet extremely valuable in relation to the school client having a chance to try out new strategies.

This chapter reviews the evolution of internet gaming addiction and how it has impacted adolescents and children. It outlines how online gaming provides a medium for youth to indulge in gaming as a form of mental escape. The chapter also describes signs of internet gaming addiction, reasons that gaming is especially addictive, and how to apply brief strategic family therapy (BSFT) to treat adolescents and children addicted to games. This chapter reviews diagnostic and treatment considerations associated with Internet gaming addiction among children and adolescents. BSFT is a short-term, problem-focused therapeutic intervention, targeting children and adolescents 6 to 17 years old, which improves youth behavior by eliminating or reducing maladaptive internet use and its associated behavior problems and changes the family members behaviors that are linked to both risk and protective factors related to online use. This model can also be applied to internet gaming addiction among adolescents and children.

If one purpose of psychotherapy is to treat all mental disorders including sexual problems, then the provider needs a definition of sexual health. Besides being a vague concept, sexual health is also complex, as it is more than the idea that sex is a fun activity that should be enjoyed by all. What sexual health entails, but is so little spoken openly about, are attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that foster increased feelings of self-esteem, the ability to explore erotic dimensions of human experience, and facilitation of adult attachment. It also includes that the individual has the physical means for sexual enjoyment, though what that means may vary by person and across the life span. Though sexual health may be portrayed as a basic human right, it is not necessarily an innate human state. This chapter examines some common factors that undermine sexual health.

In the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) community the issue of dissociation is the only topic that seems to stir up even more misunderstanding and controversy than addiction. This chapter shares some of the best practices for demystifying dissociation and working with it responsibly in EMDR therapy as a normal phenomenon that accompanies trauma, especially complex trauma. This chapter discusses the practice of mindfulness necessary for the work and notes the imperative of teaching mindfulness, or the art of returning to the present moment, to clients who struggle with addiction. It also explores specific exercises for how one can guide clients through this process of validation followed by action, wherever they are in the phases of EMDR therapy. The chapter presents a case that begins to further connect the dots about how this material about dissociation is relevant to working with addiction.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a complete psychotherapy that facilitates the shifts that are required in an individual to achieve meaningful lifestyle change. Recovery, healing, and wellness require lifestyle change. This chapter focuses on current models that are in use, with commentary on how these models are relevant to the work of an EMDR therapist. It presents a case study of Adam, who has a genetic skin disease called icthyosis vulgarus, which means snakeskin, reflecting how the condition can appear on human skin. Adam’s case signifies how the kindling for dissociation and addiction can be innocently overlooked. Adam was primed for dissociation because his ability to check out was well rehearsed as a result of his skin disease and addiction because what felt painful also registered as pleasurable; also he had bonded to the dissociative state after a near-death experience.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapists need to redefine their ideas about what one can do from a trauma-focused perspective so that one might treat the trauma directly. This chapter focuses on EMDR therapy as a complete psychotherapy. There are a number of sources in the literature that speak to EMDR therapy’s power as an adjunctive approach, or as a part of an overall treatment plan for treating addiction while not being the sole therapeutic modality. The chapter makes the case for EMDR therapy as a complete psychotherapy in a more general way so that one might use the theoretical basis and past two decades of EMDR experience to treat addiction utilizing the eight-phase protocol and the Adaptive Information Processing model as the primary guiding practices and tenets of a trauma-focused treatment of addiction.

Phases 7 and 8 in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy are often glossed over, yet they are just as important as any other phase in EMDR therapy. Closure of any session (Phase 7) is an important safety measure, as is establishing a plan for any spontaneous processing, distress, intense affect, or cravings that may emerge in between sessions. Phase 8, Reevaluation, is multilayered as both a continuous process of obtaining feedback from clients and working to make adjustments, and as a guideline for treatment plan review. Although Phase 8 work contains many functions that are important for any EMDR client, this chapter contends that Phase 8 is especially important when working with a client addressing addictions and related concerns. It describes Phase 8 as the art of checking in and planning the next move.

This chapter explores the power of Phases 3 to 6 as Dr. Shapiro wrote them (what we like to call her special sauce). This chapter discusses their inherent force in working with addiction while also explaining some modifications that may need to be made. It presents the basics of the standard protocol, considers the many ways it can be adapted, and sets the reader and their clients up for the greatest degree of success in EMDR therapy. Using techniques and approaches from other schools of psychotherapy that one learned before, during, or after their EMDR therapy training might also come into play.

This chapter breaks down eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy Phase 2, noting which elements of standard knowledge on EMDR history taking and preparation may need to be downplayed or amplified depending on the client or system in question. The key is that the preparation plan used with a client includes skills that address distress tolerance, cravings, and other relapse trigger management, and encourages daily practices that can lead to meaningful lifestyle change over time. In a perfect world, everyone would be able to access intensive EMDR therapy in well-supported settings. Yet the more complex the trauma, especially when addictions are involved, the more time EMDR therapy and the recovery process will take to unfold. In the short term, in the early stages of EMDR therapy, being able to access these skills when they are triggered or vulnerable promotes safety.

This chapter provides text that comes from clinical observation and that is meant to guide clinical inquiry. Much will depend on the demographics of the population being treated, the couples’ understanding of mental illness, the resources available for treatment, the conditions under which the symptoms first appeared, the meaning of the symptoms in the context of sexuality and relationships, and so forth. The ecosystemic approach will work well in assessing complex cases, and the chapter provides treatment suggestions. Use the Sexological Ecosystemic Model to assess the individual’s psychological makeup, attachment and other issues in their family of origin history, and what sort of interactions they have had in the past with the mental health system. Finally, providers are reminded to attend to the fact that people who identify as a sexual and gender minority have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and substance use than do cisgender and/or heterosexual peers.

This chapter is both a conclusion and a final call to action for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapists, challenging us to be active players in changing the way that healing addiction is conceptualized in modern times. This challenge also asks EMDR therapists to embrace a more comprehensive and complete view for working with addiction to be optimally effective and to serve the public so desperately in need of care. Although EMDR therapy can work quickly, it is not a quick fix when it comes to treating addiction. The final chapter includes references to many of the specialty protocols and strategies written by other scholars and practitioners. It also includes some collected resources based on content in the book that one might find useful as clinical aids.

This chapter uses Stephen Dansiger’s conference presentation from the 2019 annual conference of the EMDR International Association called “It’s Always EMDR: The Case for EMDR as a Complete Psychotherapy” in order to explore how Shapiro’s original protocol and the Adaptive Information Processing Model can help structure the continuum of care for addictions in a private practice. This structure provides a road map for any series of interventions used throughout treatment. The chapter uses another systemic map to explore how to treat addiction most effectively in private practice, the Palette of EMDR Interventions in Addiction, with some small additions made to shine further light on the pathway to a trauma-focused approach to addiction care in private practice. Short case example vignettes provide a sense of the variety of addiction cases one may see in private practices.

It is well documented that youth and adults with mental health disabilities have poorer academic and employment outcomes than their peers without disabilities as well as other groups of individuals with disabilities. It is clearly a complicated path to trace the progression of mental health disorders from childhood into adulthood; so this chapter, views the specific status, challenges, and promising practices from the separate perspectives of youth and adults. It reviews the current vocational status of adults and youth with mental health disorders and identifies challenges to career and employment. The chapter describes promising practices and programs and provides recommendations for future research and practice. Youth and adults with psychiatric disabilities can benefit from a range of policies and programs to empower and support career development and employment opportunities. However, systemic, programmatic, and attitudinal barriers continue to present barriers to full participation in learning and work environments.

This chapter defines and describes all types of disabilities, including physical, cognitive, and psychiatric disabilities. These three broad categories of disabilities are based on symptoms rather than causes. Chronic illnesses are government-recognized disabilities. The chapter explains the six causes for the increase in the number of individuals with disabilities (IWDs). These six causes are: advances in neonatal medicine; advances in emergency medicine; the longer lifespans for everyone; the longer lifespans of IWDs; more accurate counting; and liberalization and expansion of the definition of disability. Almost one fifth of the American population has a disability, and a congenital disability occurs in one in 16 births. The chapter promotes a basic understanding of the broad scope of disability.

This chapter discusses about the life of social work leader: Dorothea Dix. It covers her childhood and teaching career, mission, and the end of her long career. The chapter provides brief description on: pursuing funding for hospitals for those with mental illness; the civil war: superintendent of nurses. Dorothea Dix’s advocacy role began long before formal social work existed in this country. While reading about Dorothea Dix’s work and her journey in helping the mentally ill, one should keep in mind the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) Educational Policy and Accreditation Standard’s Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior. Although Dorothea Dix lived long before these competencies were in place, one will notice many times where her professional behavior was key to her success. Dorothea Dix is a great example of Competency 1, as she demonstrates ethical and professional behavior in her practice.

A review of the anatomy, physiology, and function of the musculoskeletal system; age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system; specific disorders experienced by older adults along with diagnostic and treatment options; and the role of exercise, pacing, and environmental modalities in maintaining health and recuperation were discussed.

Moral injury is an evolving condition. It is not a mental health disorder; therefore, it does not have a diagnostic category. Neither is there a categorical cutoff score to determine if a person qualifies as having the condition. While moral injury can be a stand-alone injury, it is frequently assessed along with acute stress or posttraumatic stress disorder mental health diagnoses. The memory of the moral injury incident(s), like any other disturbing memory, can be treated with the standard Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol. This chapter prepares the EMDR therapist to understand the three levels of moral injury complexity, the self-referential emotions of shame and guilt, the use of cognitive interweaves, and the multidisciplinary approaches of moral philosophy, mental health, and moral theology/spirituality. It discusses the use of EMDR therapy in treating the complexities of moral injury with scripted examples.

This chapter serves as an introduction to theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Theories of counseling and psychotherapy are foundational to the practice of mental health professions. Professional counseling or psychotherapy is the process whereby a trained professional uses his or her knowledge of biology, psychology, personality, relationships, and social systems to change behaviors and to solve client problems. Counselors are highly educated professionals who are directed by ethical codes to help people in need. Psychotherapists, no matter what their professional affiliations, are bound by the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. The American Psychiatric Association published its highly used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM- 5), which provides a listing of mental disorders and the criteria used to diagnose them. It is a typology of mental disorder-mental illnesses viewed as within the person.

Informed by the tenets of the ecological perspective and the life model of social work practice, this chapter presents an overview of clinical practice with Hispanic families. The ecological perspective helps to promote clinicians’ understanding of the psychosocial problems experienced by culturally diverse client populations as well as the socio-environmental variables (e.g., racism, discrimination, poverty) that impede optimal physical, psychological, and social well-being. Because the process of individual or family treatment cannot separate personality structures and issues from the cultural factors that influence the emotional health of the individual, the chapter also underscores the key cultural characteristics of Hispanic individuals and families and their relevance for culturally competent clinical practice. It emphasizes treatment recommendations and strategies for effective psychosocial intervention with Hispanic families.

This chapter reviews the responses to the mentally ill by the three major components of the criminal justice system: police, courts, and corrections. It examines the relationships between mental illness and violence as well as race and ethnicity and antisocial personality disorder as factors that determine services for the mentally ill within the criminal justice system. The chapter reviews police responses to the mentally ill with a focus on crisis intervention training for officers. It describes the mental health issues of those incarcerated in jails and prisons with special attention to issues of mentally ill women in the criminal justice system and concerns for their children. The chapter reviews specialty courts, particularly mental health courts developed in the late 1990s. Finally, it calls for expanded social work services for the mentally ill in all phases of the criminal justice system, including release to the community with parole or probation supervision.

This chapter describes the types of mental illness that can develop over the life course. Childhood mental disorders often focus around issues of attention, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and behavioral problems that cause distress for the child and others. The chapter discusses mental health problems of emerging adulthood. It examines trends in mental healthcare for children and adolescents. The chapter demonstrates an understanding of the difficulties of assessing the mental health problems of older adults, including distinguishing between dementia and depression. Mental health is a pressing issue for active duty members of the armed forces as well as for veterans. Reducing psychiatric hospitalizations is a positive step for clients and families and an important way to conserve resources. Social workers are the professionals most likely to work with clients and families in all stages of life and can bring considerable expertise to improving and expanding interventions across the life cycle.

This chapter highlights the experiences of those with mental illness. It also offers a picture of the families of those with mental illness, and the challenges family members face. The chapter examines the responses of individuals to the experience of psychiatric hospitalization. Most often, psychiatrists prefer to focus on the biomedical factors of illness rather than the concerns of the lived experiences of patients. While social workers and other mental health professionals can seek to understand the symptoms and treatments for individual patients, it is critical to hear the voices of those with mental illness. Many celebrities such as actors, writers, musicians, and sports figures have come forward to acknowledge and talk about their own mental health challenges. The chapter identifies the special challenges of families coping with schizophrenia. It offers a number of recommendations for the delivery of services within psychiatric hospitals.

In 1980, the battered women advocates attempted to take control of what loosely was called “the battered woman’s movement” away from the professionals. However, some of those women who already have been identified with a mental disorder that is exacerbated by the abuse or those who develop battered woman syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder from the abuse itself may need some psychotherapy to help them heal and move on with their lives. The link between sex trafficking and domestic violence has also become much better known within the last 10 years. The history of society’s newest interest in the eradication of violence against women and children demonstrates both the intricacies of the problem and the difficulties in dealing with it. Although shelters do provide safety for only a small number of women and children, their presence in a community sends a message about zero tolerance for such abuse.