The health and well-being of children, particularly vulnerable children, is one of the major national health priorities identified in Healthy People 2020. Pediatric primary care providers who are educated to screen, assess, diagnose, and treat children are mandated to report evidence of child maltreatment, neglect, and abuse. Intentional acts of maltreatment can impact the surviving child’s emotional, behavioral, and mental health throughout their life span. Children who are placed within the foster care system most often have experienced one or more of the following: abuse, neglect, maltreatment, and exposure to dysfunctional family life, including drugs, alcohol, domestic violence, and/or a parent remanded to jail. This chapter describes the current best available evidence for care of children in foster care, including the initial comprehensive physical and behavioral health assessments, screenings, and treatment plans, with a goal of identifying and intercepting permanent emotional trauma from the adverse effects from prior life experiences.