This chapter discusses several case histories, each describing a particular pediatric disease, such as acute cerebellar ataxia, germinal matrix hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), septo-optic dysplasia, Aicardi syndrome, and Joubert’s syndrome. Acute cerebellar ataxia is the most common cause of acute ataxia, representing 30% to 50% of cases. It affects children aged 2-5 years, with boys more affected than girls. It is a postinfectious condition, often seen after infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. It may also be seen after vaccination, though less commonly than with vaccine-preventable diseases. Acute cerebellar ataxia is generally a self-limiting process, with most patients returning to normal after several weeks. In rare cases, cerebellar edema may lead to occlusion of the fourth ventricle and ventricular drainage may be lifesaving. The chapter also presents case histories concerning Fabry’s disease, polymicrogyria, rhombencephalosynapsis, schizencephaly, tethered cord syndrome, and vein of Galen malformations (VGMs).