This book presents readers with the essential aspects of the subspecialty infectious diseases. The second edition of the book includes new developments that are consistent with the published peer-reviewed medical literature and published relevant clinical practice guidelines. The book’s intended audiences are students and medical providers in training. It provides information evolved from prior formal didactic lectures or bedside clinical teaching on clinical infectious diseases, microbiology, and antimicrobial pharmacology that was delivered to help students, residents, fellows, and primary care physicians. Current basic science and clinical concepts regarding each relevant infectious disease topic are still written as a synoptic account to make these topics clear and practical for the readers. The book is organized into 18 parts containing 52 chapters. It adheres wherever possible to a standard pattern of description that aims to define the topic and provide an introduction that would include classification, pathophysiology, and epidemiologic information. The book also lists relevant causative microorganisms; describe the clinical aspects and approach to the topic with the physical examination and relevant laboratory methods, diagnostic imaging, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The first part provides introduction to clinical reasoning, antimicrobial stewardship, antimicrobial agents, and medical microbiology. The remaining parts describes the approach to various topics such as: fever of unknown origin, leukocytosis, bloodstream and cardiovascular infections, pulmonary infections, gastrointestinal infections, hepatobiliary infections, hepatic infections, renal–urinary infections, neurological infections, orthopedic-related infections, skin and soft-tissue infections, sexually transmitted infections, infections related to obstetrics and gynecology, eye infections, sepsis, transplant-related infections, ectoparasite-related infections, and infection control and epidemiology. The book’s goal is to help guide the reader through the diagnostic evaluation as well as the process of caring for the patient with an infection.

This book provides us with what we need to sleep well. It provides the tools and techniques to reverse insomnia and improve sleep long-term. Insomnia, persistent trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep, affects our daytime functioning and wellbeing. The book breaks down the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), the sleep program considered first-line treatment in the clinic, into a step-by-step and reader friendly program that can be easily followed at home. Written by a clinical psychologist and researcher who has worked in the sleep field for 40 years, the book uses data from a real patient to illustrate each step of the process. The book is complete with detailed sleep diaries, worksheets, and more, all of which are also available online to download and use on your own journey to sleeping better now and into the future. Guiding readers through this self-directed sleep therapy program, the book features updated information and new scientific findings on key topics for patients and health care providers including: tried-and-true CBT-I methods of sleep management; successful cognitive therapy methods to deal with racing thoughts at bedtime; different sleep needs for women and men through life and health conditions; influence of nutrition, exercise, and sex on sleep in a brand-new chapter; depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress and how they intersect with sleep; and prescribed and non-prescribed medications, herbal remedies, and cannabis for sleep.

The use of high frequency ultrasound as an imaging modality for the musculoskeletal system has expanded dramatically in the past decade. Despite its growth, standardized training for use of this modality is not yet available in the majority of residency training programs. This book illustrates and teaches the basic components of many of the skills and knowledge needed to begin incorporating the use of ultrasound in a musculoskeletal practice. The goal is provide a simplified approach for those getting started in musculoskeletal ultrasound. This includes developing understanding in use of the controls and function of the ultrasound machine, commonly used terminology, obtaining and optimizing the image, and proper scanning technique and the ergonomics involved. The book is also designed to instruct in the recognition of the appearance of various musculoskeletal tissue, commonly seen artifacts, foreign bodies and masses, and understanding basics of interventional ultrasound. It also provides an understanding of the basic physics used in ultrasound. Principles of further advancement of skills and initiating a practice are discussed. Doppler imaging helps to identify certain vascular structures, gives an indication of vascular flow, and can also be used to assess for increased vascularity in pathologic conditions. Separate chapters cover imaging of tendons, muscles, and nerves. Ultrasound allows visualization of both the needle and soft tissue target in real time. This improves accuracy of needle placement for both injection and aspiration procedures.

This book provides a clear, accessible review of the use of statistics in pathology studies. It discusses exploratory data analyses, descriptive statistics, the use of comparative statistics, concordance analysis, categorical and continuous data regression analyses, count data, survival analyses and decision point and clustering analysis. Statistical analyses aid interpretation of research data in two ways: by providing descriptive measures and by making statistical inferences about population parameters and associations based on observations from a sample, a representative of the target population to maintain validity. Parametric tests are applicable to those data for which distribution assumptions can be made on the dependent variable of interest, the most common of which is an assumption of normal distribution. Hypothesis testing is the conceptual foundation of comparative statistics and statistical modeling. Pathology and laboratory medicine can run the gamut of sample size with some entities in anatomic pathology. Imputation is a powerful tool in many statistical approaches that allows us to put in values for missing variables based on the data. Sample size and power calculations are crucial components for both planning a study and reporting an actionable result. Sample size calculations are becoming an extremely common part of grant applications, which requires familiarity with them. More importantly, performing sample size calculations before collecting data and during the design of a study can insure that the results will be publishable regardless of effect size.

Diagnostic and interventional sonography has become an important clinical tool for physicians treating musculoskeletal conditions. Sonography is a very useful tool for those that desire to fill out and test the differential diagnosis that is created with history and physical examination. Learners often lack understanding of spatial relationships within an anatomic region. They need to develop visual acuity to cross-sectional anatomy. This book presents cross-sectional sonographic images to promote a better understanding of clinical anatomy. Each image is accompanied by an illustration that serves as a road map to the image and highlights important structures. Both image and illustration make apparent the dynamic nature of these anatomic relationships. One of the first things taught in training sonographers is the echogenic appearance of various tissues. This pattern recognition is critical to deciphering a sonographic image. The book expands that pattern recognition to include all of the tissues in a cross sectional image and each accompanying illustration provides a visual translation of the sonograph. The cross-sectional images highlight important aspects of an anatomical region. There are also selected extended field of view images along the long axis of a structure to add another dimension to the area of study. The book identifies cross sections of each segment of the upper extremity and lower extremity that are important to understand as visual touchstones for anyone performing diagnostic sonography. Each is placed alongside an illustration that documents the structures in the sonograph. There is also legend for every image/illustration couplet that allows the user to identify individual structures in each. There is a body icon with the cursor in the location of each image/illustration couplet to help the reader localize the position of each sonograph. The book also provides a few images of pathology that demonstrate how pathology is represented in a sonograph.

This book provides the reader a unique opportunity to learn the complex anatomy of the human brain in the context of multiple different neuroimaging modalities. In medical school, human brain anatomy is first taught through dissection labs and lectures. The book presents the color enhanced medical illustrations and virtually all of the cutting edge imaging modalities currently used to visualize the human brain. This includes standard computed tomography (CT), including multiplanar reformatted CT images and 3D volume rendered CT imaging, standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, diffusion tensor MR imaging (DTI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), functional MRI (fMRI), vascular imaging using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), CT angiography (CTA), conventional 2D catheter angiography, 3D rotational catheter angiography, and ultrasound of the neonatal brain. The book considers cadaver dissections with the brain removed from the cranial vault with preservation of the cisternal segments of the CN and their relationships to the dural surfaces and skull base foramina. The original cross-sectional images from the MRI were loaded into the scene as background references to ensure accuracy at every step. The cortical surface model was adjusted and refined, the skull model was modified to fit the MRI derived brain, and models of the midbrain and cerebellum were painstakingly handsculpted. The cranial nerve illustrations were derived from the hand-sculpted models using Boolean operators to segment the midbrain into slices at multiple levels. The cranial nerve nuclei were then modeled and placed into their appropriate locations after comparison with microscopic atlases. The book demonstrates targeted, focused imaging of a variety of interesting, and important anatomic sites that are of particular clinical relevance. Sites of illustrated anatomy includes pituitary gland, orbits, liliequist’s membrane, hippocampal formation, H-shaped orbital frontal sulci, insular anatomy, subthalamic nucleus, subcallosal region, internal auditory canals (IAC) and virchow-robin spaces.

This book delivers the practical insights and expert tips necessary for successful clinical research design, analysis, and implementation. It first covers the basics of research design: the variety of ways in which studies can be organized to address questions of association or causation; the appropriate sequencing of studies in a particular area to move most efficiently from demonstration of concept to a definitive and rigorous trial; methods and appropriate rigor of control conditions; retrospective and prospective trials; qualitative and quantitative analyses; and methods for summarizing, evaluating, and reporting clinical research in a particular area. Then, the book presents a discussion of selecting the correct statistical approach and when to consult a statistician. It reviews the varieties of data types; descriptive and inferential statistics; methods for demonstrating associations, hypothesis testing, and prediction; specialized methods, such as survival modeling; and specialized methods for epidemiological studies and measure construction. Further, the book includes a number of chapters on developing successful grant applications from planning and seeking consumer input to developing specific sections of research grant proposals, the project budget, and ancillary materials. The final chapters of the book cover the nuts and bolts of the timely and successful completion of the research project; developing procedural manuals and case report forms; collecting, managing, and securing data; operational structure and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the project; and ethical and regulatory concerns in research with human subjects.

This book is intended for physiatrists, sports physicians, orthopedists, rheumatologists, and primary care physicians. Although there are comprehensive textbooks and abundant literature reviews devoted to musculoskeletal (MSK) medicine, gaps still exist regarding optimal outpatient management for many MSK disorders due to the relative paucity of information on the clinical decision-making process and differential diagnosis and treatment in the practice setting. The book tries to address these gaps by using a uniform approach to the diagnosis of MSK disorders in different anatomic locations and emphasizing the nonoperative management options applicable to the outpatient clinic. It provides a patho-anatomic approach based on the location of pain. This approach can be efficient and intuitive with sound knowledge of MSK anatomy, particularly in the peripheral MSK systems such as the hand and the foot. The book describes concise physical examinations for each anatomic region and the reader is encouraged to cultivate essential physical examination skills using other available resources and visual demonstration. Ultrasonography (US) has been increasingly available in the outpatient MSK clinic and has proven to be an important tool both in diagnosis and treatment. The book incorporates point-of-care ultrasound, defined as US performed and interpreted by the clinician at the bedside in the clinical decision-making process. It helps in framing a context for developing an initial management plan using flowcharts and providing quality nonoperative care, and fosters an approach to common MSK complaints that can be applied and adapted to the specifics of individual cases. It is up to each clinician to determine the most appropriate treatment for the patient.