This chapter informs readers of major concepts in Adlerian theory, with an emphasis on the contemporary relevance of Adlerian approaches for rehabilitation counselors and related professionals. It highlights the importance of a holistic understanding of individuals, as well as the significance of one’s social context. The chapter helps the reader to develop an understanding of key concepts, including holistic understanding of individuals, the significance of social context in Adlerian approaches, and the importance of goal-directed behavior and ‘lifestyle’. It also helps the reader to understand the counseling process in Adlerian approaches and the role of the counselor in providing encouragement while facilitating change, consider the level of evidence-based support for Adlerian approaches and appreciate the relevance of Adlerian theory in rehabilitation counseling, including the significance of the environment, the need to address problems in the environment, and implications for social justice.