One of the defining features of nontraditional students has to cope with the strain of multiple roles that students experience while attempting to complete educational objectives. Nontraditional students must incorporate an additional role strain and transition to being a student. Career construction theory (CCI) offers a framework for assisting nontraditional students in shaping and articulating career identity. More so, CCT interventions aid career specialists working with individuals to construct their self and their identity. The link between career counseling and identity development is clear in the literature. Nontraditional college students in the midst of making career changes may need assistance in reconnecting with past identities or constructing new identities. The CCI is one postmodern intervention that respects the perspective and authorship of the student’s narrative and presents a nontraditional approach as called for in the literature.

This chapter illustrates the career challenges faced by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community with a case study of a 45-year-old gay male whose employment was recently terminated. The LGBT community has made tremendous legal, social, and political progress over the last two decades; yet, LGBT persons still encounter barriers and obstacles in ways that can be very different than their heterosexual counterparts. Sexual orientation continues to be a workplace issue because no federal laws protect LGBT individuals from employment discrimination. A model for effective practice, Career Counseling With Under Served Populations (CCUSP), was developed by Dr. Mark Pope and was originally based on his earlier research in career development with LGBT individuals. The chapter provides a summary of the 13 key components that provide culturally appropriate career services. Using these keys as guidelines, appropriate holistic career counseling is a likely outcome.

Dual-career households are composed of couples in which both members are committed to professional occupations. Regardless of the phase of the life cycle, dual-career couples face unique stressors related to time constraints, and work responsibilities. In addition to time working at an office, a common arrangement affecting couples’ decisions and family life is working from home. A crucial barrier to couples maintaining an ideal career trajectory is the availability of meaningful employment within a confined geographical area. An additional constraint on working families is availability and accessibility to childcare. When funding childcare becomes a concern, couples may seek financial assistance through government-funded childcare subsidy programs, such as the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF). An ideal focus for clinicians working with dual-career couples is on sensitivity, positivity, and intentionality. Couples may also take the therapeutic process as an opportunity to develop a healthy lifestyle to cope with dual-career obligations.

Community colleges serve a critical role within higher education. An open access system can be both affordable and flexible; community colleges prepare students for the increasing need for skilled and educated individuals in the workforce. Although community colleges serve different goals, two primary goals are academic and vocational preparation. The vocational-technical pathway was developed to prepare individuals for entry-level positions in business and industry. Academic advisers support community college students who are preparing to transfer by advising in courses that will transfer as well as assisting with the application processes. Career centers and career counselors at community colleges offer all students a range of services. These services include providing career assessment and counseling, offering job and internship search assistance, reviewing resumes and cover letters, and sponsoring mock interviews. Regardless of the community pathway a client participates within the focus remains providing support to individuals pursuing their personal and professional aspirations.

Caregiving is the act of tending to the needs of children, elderly adults, or sick or disabled individuals. Caregivers may perform duties such as cleaning, shopping, cooking, managing household finances, administering medication and other health care-related duties, and helping with activities of daily living. For those who have mostly or only performed unpaid caretaking duties, career transitions can be difficult to navigate. Caregivers who have to work outside of the home and maintain caretaking responsibilities are often perplexed by the logistics of balancing the two sets of competing responsibilities. Some caretakers may be at greater psychological risk due to the factors that triggered the need to seek employment along with the interruption this change may have on their identity. Career counselors are in a position to help caregivers traverse this new and unfamiliar occupational terrain.

This chapter explores the unique experiences of various groups of culturally diverse women who work in the United States and highlights common barriers faced by all culturally diverse women. It presents two career counseling theories, social cognitive career theory (SCCT) and narrative career counseling theory, which the career counselors may use to empower clients. The chapter discusses specific techniques and resources that might be beneficial to the career development of culturally diverse women across theoretical approaches. Many culturally diverse women will experience injustices that are due to racism, discrimination, oppression, sexism, and heterosexism. Career counselors working with culturally diverse women have the capacity to be agents of social change. These professionals contribute to the creation of a career demographic in the United States that is representative of the actual makeup of the nation by helping culturally diverse women anticipate possible challenges and construct proactive coping strategies.

A vast body of academic research addressing working parents has been completed in an attempt to understand how mothers and fathers approach responsibilities central to both work and family domains and how their perspectives impact career outcomes. Building on role theory, three related constructs offer a continuum to describe the relationship between one”s work role and family role: role conflict between work and family, role balance between work and family, and role enrichment between work and family. Parents experiencing role enrichment may have many of their career development needs met. Working parents may evaluate the degree to which career development needs are being met and find support systems to address any unmet needs. Working parents may be experiencing successes and challenges in both careers and families, which can lead to conflict or enrichment. For this reason, it is inappropriate to separate work and family from career counseling dialogue and interventions.

This chapter discusses the historical overview of middle-aged workers, barriers to career transition and resources for midlife transition counselling. It opens with a case vignette of a 51-year-old Black male who worked for several small companies as a mechanic. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, middle-aged workers older than 50 years experienced a sharp increase in unemployment. From losing a position to voluntary transition, middle-aged workers are a specific demographic that may experience difficulty in navigating career change. The psychological aspects of career transition can be threatening and difficult to predict. In addition to the obstacles concerning midlife transition, there are psychosocial needs that are important to the career counseling process. Various resources are available to help augment the career counseling process and assist the client in making a career transition. These resources are listed as activities to extend the concepts discussed in the counseling sessions.

There are many different subgroups of “stay-at-home moms” and “stay-at-home dads”, and members of each of the various groups may face unique obstacles to employment. Although men”s career trajectories are expected to follow a specific path, women”s paths often show a great deal of variety. In some cases, a stay-at-home mother”s partner may prefer that she stay in her role as full-time, primary caregiver. The clash of values between traditional gender roles and economic necessity creates personal difficulties that can be frustrating for women trying to get back into the work world. When mothers are able to secure jobs once their children reach school age, they may still find it difficult to relinquish the caregiver role. As women”s career aspirations shift, their preparation for the return to work may require additional education, which can delay the return to work and create its own set of challenges for the family system.

This chapter discusses the historical overview of older adults, challenges faced by older workers and the future trends. It opens with a case study of a 65 years old man who is a former high school coach and history teacher. People are delaying retirement and working longer for a number of reasons including such factors as significant changes in Social Security. An employer’s perception of older adults as lacking flexibility in adapting to changes or learning new job tasks and skills can contribute to older adults being overlooked for promotions and advancement. Ageism is still a significant negative force in the work world and is visible in hiring practices, promotion decisions, and terminations. Discrimination in the workplace can impact an individual’s physical and emotional health. The perception that other employees have regarding older adults can create issues that contribute to discrimination in a workplace setting.

A college diploma set individuals apart from their peers in the job market and allowed them to earn higher income and pursue various career paths. Nontraditional students are enrolling in college at unprecedented rates. Many scholars argue that nontraditional students have become the new traditional college student. As college graduates transition from school to the world of work, they can experience many career challenges that are reflective of the economic landscape. Mal-employment is one type of underemployment that has steadily increased over the past decade. The long-term psychological and financial effects of starting a career unemployed or underemployed can be overwhelming. In order to support college graduates through these challenges, career counselors can explore the career development needs of emerging adults during the critical life stage. Career counselors support clients to increase their adaptability by encouraging clients to engage in proactive career behaviors and take risks when unforeseen opportunities arise.

Potential employers may be hesitant to hire former inmates due to perceived risk of employment failure or business loss. Formerly incarcerated persons may have spotty work histories and may have limited education and job training background, creating further obstacles to gainful employment. Educational illiteracy, limited job skills and interpersonal skills, criminal history, and neighborhood settings have been cited as obstacles to employment as well as increasing risk for reincarceration. In light of the evidence from the professional literature, it seems that in order for parolees and other ex-offenders to succeed in establishing a traditional career, a range of needs must be recognized. The needs include: education, housing, aftercare services, child care, social support, treatment, policy changes, employment support, and job training. Intervention strategies to assist formerly incarcerated individuals to get and keep jobs and to avoid reincarceration emerge from diverse models representing a range of offender needs.

The occupational opportunities for high school graduates have changed in the past few decades. In recent decades, the educational requirements for jobs across the career spectrum have increased, changing the types of available positions for individuals without postsecondary education. Young adults who understand themselves and the demands of the world of work are better able to make career choices congruent with their values and interests. High school graduates who are adaptable and open minded in their job search will retain employment in a workforce that is constantly changing. It is important for high school students to receive realistic information about their skills, interests, and the job market so that they can make effective career decisions. Recent high school graduates could access the employment projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Career counselors help high school graduates establish realistic expectations and develop strategies to remain flexible into the working world.

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the challenges faced by veterans in adjusting to civilian life. Due to differences between the military and civilian life, many veterans struggle with understanding others in a work environment and adapting to changing demands. In fact, most veterans who need mental health treatment never seek it out. Disability is not uncommon among this population. In fact, there are numerous disabilities among this population including both physical disabilities and psychiatric disabilities; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injuries are among some of the more common disabilities. There continues to be a stigma regarding seeking out mental health services. In addition to relationship issues, Cornish found that veterans struggled with anxiety, anger, depression, and thoughts of suicide. The numerous challenges faced by veterans in adjusting to civilian life are impacted by a loss of identity and the loss of support.

This chapter describes career counseling considerations for African American Men, Latino Men, and Asian American Men. Interpersonal and systemic discrimination are still prominent in society, leading to elevated social and health risks for African American males. Creative career interventions could be beneficial for African American males. Narrative therapy allows clients to tell their unique stories to counselors open to learning new contexts and ways of dealing with challenges and problems within the clients’ realm of possibilities. Counselors using career counseling strategies should remember the unique needs of the populations with which they are working. Feminist theory has been extremely useful in working with marginalized populations, and this orientation can be expanded by the use of relevant career assessments. Asian Americans encounter counselors who promote individualism and focus on the needs of the client without consideration for the impact on the family.

This chapter talks about interventions that have a holistic focus on the client to provide counselors with unique tools to realistically build a teen parent’s career knowledge, resources, and aspirations. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services examined characteristics associated with adolescent childbearing. Adolescents who have a positive attitude toward school and engaging in after school activities are less likely to give birth to a child. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) places the issue of reducing teen pregnancy among its top six priorities and describes the issue as a “winnable battle”. Perception of HIV risk, condom usage, communication with parents, and knowledge of sexual issues are all topics of importance to the CDC in examining teen pregnancy. The chapter also explores the educational, economic, and career development challenges faced by young, teen mothers.