This final chapter focuses on synthesizing the information about trauma, stress, crisis, and disaster presented in the previous 32 chapters of this textbook. As an extension of analyzing the counseling implications presented across all of the chapters of this book, Chapter 33 presents the details of an integrative systemic approach to trauma (ISAT) model, with the hope that it can expand upon and continue to construct the trauma scaffold described in the first four chapters of this textbook.

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the confluence of crisis issues that relates to migration, anthropogenic climate change, war, and civil unrest. Such a confluence of crises is complex and involves interrelated situations that may result in humanitarian emergencies and mass casualties. Events of the 21st century have made clear how critical it is for counselors and other helping professionals to understand the convergences of these very real human-behavior-driven dynamics and to intercede, as necessary, in ways that are productive. The major objective of this chapter is to elucidate this crucial contemporary issue of multiple intersecting crises and trauma events.

This chapter focuses on the current international context of disability-related issues and on the expanding role of rehabilitation counselors (RCs) around the world. It offers definitions of disability and synopses of policy issues that are operational within an international framework. The scope of practice of RCs and other professionals working with disability globally are illuminated. The chapter examines trends and useful practices in the relevant international literatures, summarizing key psychosocial issues across the life span. The chapter concludes with recommendations for practice-based applications aimed at enhancing the lives of people living with disabilities.

This chapter focuses on the importance of understanding historical trauma and how its legacy influences communities that have been affected by trauma. One major purpose of this chapter is to explore the lived experiences of individuals and communities exposed to trauma, in ways that can lead to trauma-informed interventions, especially among those affected by historical trauma. One such research-based strategy is highlighted and discussed in detail.

The purpose of this chapter is to explicate the impact that war has on members of the military. In describing the effects of war on combat veterans and the challenges posed for those who return from war, potential needs for relevant mental health services are made explicit. The chapter identifies practice implications and offers an online list of resources for professionals working with military veterans.

This chapter focuses on issues associated with intimate partner violence (IPV). It examines the impact on survivors of IPV as well as on families, communities, and societies. The chapter presents theories for contextualizing and understanding IPV as well as offering strategies for counseling survivors of IPV.

This chapter introduces foundational knowledge necessary for understanding the effects of psychosocial trauma, stress, crisis, and disaster. It offers brief discussions about the historical implications of how psychosocial trauma has come to be defined as well as how the related diagnostic categories have developed. Finally, the importance of recognizing the human capacity for resilience and growth, in the face of trauma, is emphasized.

This chapter focuses on introducing the reader to theories about stress and crisis and on promoting basic stress management and crisis intervention skills. Stress and crisis often intersect with trauma and disaster events and are foundational aspects of the scaffold being created, in the first four chapters of this book, for grasping the profound effects that stress, crisis, disaster, and trauma can have at individual and systemic levels.

This chapter focuses on understanding issues of loss and grief as well as their intersections with trauma experiences. It examines the classical theories associated with loss and grief, describing the transition to a postmodern perspective of how grief is experienced. The chapter describes interventions that can be used with clients experiencing loss and grief, along with the counseling implications. Practice-based resources are available online.

This chapter focuses on issues related to mass violence and the effects of mass violence on the populace, both in terms of proximal and distal locations of those affected. The increase of mass violence has caused global concern. The effects of mass violence events continue to traumatize those who are affected. This chapter offers insight to help understand the impacts of mass violence on survivors, families, communities, and society.