Research Article
Abstract
Existing literature on co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and addictive disorders suggests improved outcomes when both diagnoses are treated concurrently. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) using the 8-phase protocol and standard 11-step targeting sequence has been investigated within integrated treatment models. However, use of newer EMDR addiction-specific protocols (e.g., desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing [DeTUR], feeling-state addiction protocol [FSAP], craving extinguished [CravEx]) in treatment has been studied less extensively. A qualitative, phenomenological design was employed to investigate the lived experience of 9 participants with co-occurring PTSD and addictive disorders. These participants experienced both standard protocols/targeting sequences and the addiction-specific protocols as part of their treatment. Creswell’s system for interpreting meaning units in qualitative data, based largely on the work of Moustakas, was used to analyze the data gleaned from semistandardized interviews. All participants reported positive outcomes from the combined EMDR approaches; 4 major themes emerged. Participants recognized their trauma and addictions as related. As a result of this insight, their thoughts and addictive behaviors changed. All recognized remission of symptoms of both disorders; EMDR therapy was reported to be effective whether the traumatic symptoms were treated before or after the addictive symptoms. All indicated that integrated treatments (including other supportive services) were optimum for their ongoing recovery. The relationship with the therapist was integral to the overall success of treatment.
Tables
Participants are asked to answer a set of basic demographic questions at the beginning of the interview:
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The next set of semistandardized questions will be asked which address the research questions:
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Note. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SUD = substance use disorder; EMDR = eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.
Pseudonym | Age | Self-Diagnosis Trauma/Addiction | Length of Time in EMDR Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Kayla | 36 | PTSD/alcohol abuse | 3 years |
Laura | 48 | PTSD/alcoholic | 1–1/2 years |
Lynn | 34 | PTSD/shopping addiction | 1 year |
Diane | 28 | PTSD/smoking | 2 years |
Judy | 60 | PTSD/food addiction | 2 years |
Madeline | 53 | PTSD/shopping/alcohol/cocaine | 7 years |
Dan | 53 | PTSD/smoking | 2 years |
Jack | 46 | PTSD/alcohol | 13 years |
Ned | 33 | PTSD/methamphetamine/alcohol/sex addiction | 1–1/2 years |
Note. Mean length of time in treatment with EMDR clinician = 3.6 years. EMDR = eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
Pseudonym | Addiction Protocol Used | SUD/PTSD Comorbidity Theme |
---|---|---|
Kayla | FSAP | Self-medicating |
Laura | FSAP/Knipe | Shared vulnerability |
Lynn | FSAP | Self-medicating |
Diane | FSAP | Shared vulnerability and self-medicating |
Judy | FSAP | Self-medicating |
Madeline | FSAP | Shared vulnerability and self-medicating |
Dan | DeTUR | Self-medicating/shared vulnerability |
Jack | FSAP/Knipe | Substance-induced anxiety |
Ned | CravEx/Knipe | Shared vulnerability/substance-induced anxiety |
Note. SUD = substance use disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; FSAP = feeling-state addiction protocol; DeTUR = desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing; CravEx = craving extinguished.
Period | Abstract | Full | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apr 2024 | 50 | 38 | 30 | 118 |
Mar 2024 | 55 | 11 | 18 | 84 |
Feb 2024 | 46 | 13 | 11 | 70 |
Jan 2024 | 104 | 22 | 17 | 143 |
Dec 2023 | 72 | 25 | 27 | 124 |
Nov 2023 | 44 | 20 | 21 | 85 |
Oct 2023 | 26 | 8 | 15 | 49 |
Sep 2023 | 42 | 8 | 5 | 55 |
Aug 2023 | 34 | 28 | 8 | 70 |
Jul 2023 | 41 | 12 | 11 | 64 |
Jun 2023 | 32 | 14 | 11 | 57 |
May 2023 | 30 | 10 | 8 | 48 |
Apr 2023 | 58 | 33 | 30 | 121 |
Mar 2023 | 72 | 20 | 11 | 103 |
Feb 2023 | 54 | 47 | 13 | 114 |
Jan 2023 | 51 | 25 | 15 | 91 |
Dec 2022 | 62 | 40 | 30 | 132 |
Nov 2022 | 59 | 65 | 27 | 151 |
Oct 2022 | 53 | 32 | 23 | 108 |
Sep 2022 | 41 | 33 | 11 | 85 |
Aug 2022 | 37 | 23 | 11 | 71 |
Jul 2022 | 47 | 104 | 18 | 169 |
Jun 2022 | 43 | 32 | 12 | 87 |
May 2022 | 34 | 10 | 21 | 65 |
Apr 2022 | 65 | 39 | 40 | 144 |
Mar 2022 | 60 | 19 | 15 | 94 |
Feb 2022 | 48 | 6 | 19 | 73 |
Jan 2022 | 31 | 16 | 12 | 59 |
Dec 2021 | 43 | 21 | 18 | 82 |
Nov 2021 | 32 | 19 | 21 | 72 |
Oct 2021 | 40 | 31 | 11 | 82 |
Sep 2021 | 31 | 22 | 18 | 71 |
Aug 2021 | 28 | 22 | 14 | 64 |
Jul 2021 | 23 | 33 | 12 | 68 |
Jun 2021 | 47 | 26 | 11 | 84 |
May 2021 | 73 | 17 | 18 | 108 |
Apr 2021 | 59 | 18 | 20 | 97 |
Mar 2021 | 71 | 25 | 20 | 116 |
Feb 2021 | 47 | 33 | 9 | 89 |
Jan 2021 | 41 | 23 | 10 | 74 |
Dec 2020 | 54 | 17 | 10 | 81 |
Nov 2020 | 29 | 34 | 9 | 72 |
Oct 2020 | 39 | 31 | 8 | 78 |
Sep 2020 | 32 | 19 | 4 | 55 |
Aug 2020 | 22 | 16 | 3 | 41 |
Jul 2020 | 22 | 26 | 4 | 52 |
Jun 2020 | 56 | 22 | 9 | 87 |
May 2020 | 28 | 23 | 8 | 59 |
Apr 2020 | 32 | 35 | 15 | 82 |
Mar 2020 | 45 | 38 | 15 | 98 |
Feb 2020 | 25 | 19 | 7 | 51 |
Jan 2020 | 29 | 14 | 8 | 51 |
Dec 2019 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 30 |
Nov 2019 | 35 | 22 | 6 | 63 |
Oct 2019 | 39 | 28 | 16 | 83 |
Sep 2019 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 21 |
Aug 2019 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
Jul 2019 | 8 | 16 | 25 | 49 |
Jun 2019 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 31 |
May 2019 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 39 |
Apr 2019 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 31 |
Mar 2019 | 6 | 12 | 6 | 24 |
Feb 2019 | 14 | 13 | 8 | 35 |
Jan 2019 | 21 | 14 | 8 | 43 |
Dec 2018 | 28 | 3 | 3 | 34 |
Nov 2018 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 26 |
Oct 2018 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 20 |
Sep 2018 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 22 |
Aug 2018 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 20 |
Jul 2018 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 19 |
Jun 2018 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
May 2018 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |